The Future of Scholarship Essay - 3612 Words

The Future of Scholarship Introduction: The development and rapid movement in the field of technology has changed the face of modern society from what it was twenty years ago. Information and communication technologies have changed dramatically even in the last ten years. Electronic mail, listservs, and the Internet, to name a few, are all parts of the new technology that is re-defining scholarly communication. In her article entitled â€Å"Scholarly Communication† Christine Borgman states that â€Å"[r]esearch was clustered around three variables: producers of the communication . . ., artifacts of communication . . . and communication concepts.† (146) The impact of the new communication technologies to scholarly communication cannot be†¦show more content†¦The division of knowledge into disciplines, however, doesn’t impose a pre-ordained order and doesn’t easily transfer to the modern workplace. Many reports have stressed the importance of incorporating interdisciplinarity into t he undergraduate experience at the research university.† (13) Elsewhere she states that â€Å"[d]isciplinarity is specialized scientific exploration of a particular homogenous subject matter, producing new knowledge and making obsolete old knowledge. Therefore, disciplinary activity results in continuous formulations and reformulations of the present body of knowledge about the subject matter.† (Coleman â€Å"The New Scholarship† 1) With this in mind, interdisciplinarity occurs when â€Å"curricula and/or research and innovation are organized around a problem that is too broad to be studied/solved using just the methods and knowledge in one discipline (Coleman â€Å"Interdisciplinarity† 9) When such a problem is addressed within the scholarly community, interdisciplinarity leads directly into collaboration. Maria Bordons and Isabel Gomez define scientific collaboration as â€Å"two or more scientists working together on a joint research project, sh aring intellectual, economic and/or physical resources.† (198) This definition however, can easily be expanded to all areas of the scholarly community. As more and more interdisciplinary and collaborative teaching and research occurs, thereShow MoreRelatedEssay about Athletic Scholarships; Pros and Cons1061 Words   |  5 PagesCollege scholarships, the attraction of every devoted sports player out there. Earning scholarships brings players together not only to step up their game, but to be enthusiastic about exceeding their academic goals. Colleges put down an amount of money to attract top athletes from high schools all over their state. Athletic meaning all sports, like golf, fencing, and water polo. 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Evaluation of Al Mazaya Holdings Co. Financial Statements Essay

Essays on Evaluation of Al Mazaya Holdings Co. Financial Statements Essay EVALUATION OF AL MAZAYA HOLDINGS CO. FINANCIAL MENTS Income ment Evaluation and analysis New income statement Sales 21401278 Rental income 3964882 Net management fee and commission income 609780 Revenue 25975940 Less Cost of goods sold (17070175) Gross income 8905765 Less other expenses General and administrative expenses (3593275) Board of directors remuneration (85000) KFAS (55129) Add other income Interest income 75837 Net income 5248198 Pure profitability of the firm =net income/sales =5248198/21401278 =0.2452*100 =24.52% The old profitability of the firm is as follows Net income\sales =6939357/21401278 =0.3242*100 =32.42% The difference between the old and the new profitability is small. The difference between the new and the old net income for the company is: 6939357-5248198 =1691159 The difference in the actual net income of the new and old income statement is moderate. Though the initial net income is higher, the difference of 1691159 with the pure net income means that the company is doing well.the difference is significant but can be said to be small compared to the pure net income as the net income reduces by about a fifth. The main income for the company is thus generated from the firm’s core activities. Therefore, it is conclusive that the firm relies on its main business activity for productivity and not on other gains and losses that are not part of the main business. Removal of gains and losses that are not part of the main business activities is aimed at getting the actual real profitability of the firm assuming other factors are held constant. These factors include foreign exchange loss and change in investment value does not involve actual transfer of cash and cash equivalent for it to be a gain or a loss. They are conceptual gains and losses associated with changes in market value of various factors of production and investment held by the firm. Further analysis of the income statement of the firm is through measuring the quality of the earnings. It is the relationship between the net income, cash from operating activities and the sales of the firm. Therefore the formula for calculation of quality of earning is as follows: Net income – cash from operating activities/ sales =6939357 – 9514591/21401278 =-0.12 A low ratio is more preferable than a high ratio. In this case, the cash from operating activities is more than the net income. Operating activities are the actual activities undertaken in the course of the operation of the firm. These activities involve the firm’s working capital, current debt and liabilities management among other activities. Therefore, when the operating income is more than the net income, it means the firm has received more cash than the actual net income generated from operating activities. The excess cash inflow can be attributed to payments from debtors from the previous financial period. This is because they do not feature in the current operations but their cash has been received in the current operating period. A small ratio of the quality of earning implies than the difference between the net income and the operating activities is slightly higher or less than the sales. In the case of Al Mazaya Holdings, the ratio is -0.12. The negative sign is attr ibuted to the higher operating activities figure subtracted from net income. The small ratio means that there is a small difference between debtors and sales. Assuming that the sales of the previous period were almost equal to that of the current period, the ratio implies that most debtors paid up their debts and there is low chance of bad debt to be written off. Measurements of items presented in the statements of financial position (balance sheet) Current Assets: Trade and other receivables Trade and other receivables are carried at amortized cost with the use of effective interest rate method less impairment losses (Al Mazaya Holdings company 2013) . Through amortization, any losses or gains at acquisition and any other costs incurred are accounted for. Properties held for trading Property held for trading is measured using one of the two; cost and net realizable value. The lower figure is what the firm picked and used as the measure. The cost is the lowest amount possible the firm should earn for selling the property held for trading. Non Current Assets: Property and equipment Property and equipment is stated at cost. Accumulated depreciation and any other impairment in value are subtracted from cost to obtain the actual current value of the property and equipment. This is the actual amount the firm can generate from disposing the property and equipment at its actual net value. Depreciation is calculated on a straight line basis for estimated useful life of the firm. At the end of its useful life, the value of the property or equipment is zero. Investment properties Investment property is measured at cost with the cost of transaction being included. Cost of replacing part of the investment during its useful life is included to arrive at the actual value of the investment at a given time. The final value is the actual net value of the investment. If the investment is disposed at a lower cost, a loss is incurred while disposing at higher cost earns profit for the firm. Current Liabilities: Account Payable The total amount of liabilities to be paid in future for goods or/and service already received is calculated. The calculation is done irrespective of whether suppliers have done the billing or not. This is to ensure the total amount payable is captured in the account payable. Non-Current Liabilities: Employees’ end of service benefits The amount is accumulated over the time of employment of the employee depending with the laws of the country the subsidy is operating in losses (Al Mazaya Holdings company 2013). in most cases, it is submitted to the social security fund of the given country. Equity: Share Capital This is the total amount of outstanding share equity added to treasury shares held by the mother company. It gives the total amount of shares the company has Statutory reserve The amount to for statutory reserve is specified in the firm’s financial policy. The amount is usually a ratio of the net income earned by the firm. Cash flow statements analysis The elements of the cash flow can be measured in proportion to sales to determine the proportion that each of the three classes of activities occupy. The ratio of net cash from investing activities, Net cash from financing activities, Net cash from operating activities to sales is arrived at as follows: Net cash from operating activities: sales = 9514591/21401278 = 0.0444 Net cash from investing activities: sales = (2462631)/21401278 =-0.115 Net cash from financing activities: sales = (2737003)/21401278 =-0.127 Operating activities has a ratio of 0.0444 to sales. This is an indication that the firm is performing well because it generates most of its income from its core business. It is in operating activities that cash from sales is received. Thus the company is putting more emphasis in its core activities thus more income from operating activities. The ratio of investing activities to sales is negative that is -0.115. This ratio is far much lower than the ratio of operating activities but slightly higher than that from financing activities. Therefore, though the firm is more oriented towards operating activities, it undertakes more investing activities than financing activities. The ratio of financing activities to sales is the smallest value of the three classes in the cash flow with a ratio of -0.127. The interpretation is that the firm invests very little amount in financing activities. Financing is the least activity undertaken by the firm. This may imply that the firm has a good financial base, thus little recurrent financial activity are necessary. It is a well established firm capable of managing its own finances with little difficulty thus diverts most of its resources to the main business of the business. References Al Mazaya Holdings company. Annual report 2013.

Biological Sciences and Statistics

Question: Discuss about the Biological Sciences and Statistics. Answer: Introduction According to GLOBOCON statistics, colon cancer is one of the most cancers accounting for 1.36 million of cases worldwide during the year 2012 (cancer.org, 2016). It is third common cancer in affecting men worldwide according to World Health Organization 2015 statistics (Siegel, Miller and Jemal, 2016). The colon cancer develops in the colon region in the large intestine (cancer.gov, 2016). The adenomatous polyps are generally benign being the pre-cancerous condition but can metastasize and could develop into cancer spreading outside the colon region (cancer.org 2016). The Familial Polyposis coli is one of the genetically predisposing condition causing colon cancer and characterized by thousands of polyp development in the colon (cancer.org, 2016). An individual has a lifetime risk of developing colon cancer to 100 % by the time they reaches the age of 40 (globocan.iarc.fr, 2016). The Familial Adenomatous Polyposis is an autosomal dominant disorder in which there is development of hun dreds of adenomatous polyps in the early stages of life throughout the colon (wcrf.org, 2016). If this condition persists and left untreated, the colon cancer is likely to develop by the age of 40. In the given case study of 40 year old Caucasian man (patient X) has a family history of Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) and at the age of 18 he was screened for Adenomatous Polyposis Coli gene 1 (APC 1). The Adenomatous Polyposis Coli 1 gene was sequenced and his colon cells were harvested and frozen. When he reached the age of 40 years, he showed symptoms like the abdominal pain, change in bowel habits and unexplained weight loss. Patient X underwent a biopsy of the colon tissue showed that there were hundreds of colorectal adenomatous polyps indicating Familial Polyposis Coli and the comparative study was done for cyclin D1 in the cells with his previous colon cells harvested at the age of 18. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was done to analyze the results by cloning, sequencing and the following results were reported and interpreted for the patient X. Patient Codon Allele 1 Allele 2 Patient X 280 TCA TGA Father 280 TCA TCA Mother 280 TCA TGA The table 1 shows the sequence of Adenomatous Polyposis Coli 1 gene of patient X blood sample at the age of 18 including his mother and father. The adenomatous Polyposis coli 1 gene is a tumor suppressor gene that plays an important role in the development of colon cancer. The germ line mutation in the APC 1 gene located on 5q21-q22 band leads to Familial Adenomatous Polyposis that is hereditary colon cancer. The autosomal dominant pattern occurred in which one single altered copy of the gene is enough to cause the disorder. The genetic change meant that the codon 280 present on the exon 8 of adenomatous polyposis coli 1 gene underwent a codon change from TCA to TGA that is base pair mutation (Chromium.lovd.nl, 2016) It is a non-sense mutation in which TCA that codes for serine gets mutated to TGA that codes for stop codon. This APC gene mutated allele sequence shows that the mother has an altered copy of allele inherited from either of her parents. The patient X also inherited that altered copy of the allele from his mother and therefore showed predisposing condition of familial adenomatous polyposis at the age of 18. The other normal allele that is allele 1 coding for serine TCA has become inactivated either by deletion or mutation. The tumor suppressing function of the APC gene is lost and develops in the form of adenomatous polyps. It could be interpreted that at the age of 18, patient X underwent a mutation predisposing for the familial adenomatous polyps and was exposed to develop colon cancer in the later stage if left untreated. This figure 1A shows a biopsy of the normal colon of the patient X at the age of 18 years by performing colonoscopy. It was done to diagnose the patient X for any symptom that showed the symptoms for the predisposing familial adenomatous polyposis condition. As the patient X confirmed the germ line mutation inherited from his mother from the adenomatous polyposis coli 1 gene sequencing. The assessment of the normal biopsy is done on low and high parameters. The size, orientation, muscularis mucosa presence or absence, sub mucosa and mucosa cellularity are observed in the biopsy of colon tissue. The data could be interpreted for the normal histology of the colonic mucosa. The layers are arranged as mucosa, sub mucosa, muscularis propria called externa, sub serosa and serosa containing the loose connective tissue and mesothelial lining (Cerilli, L.A. and Greenson, J.K., 2012). The mucosa consists of tubular crypts that are aligned perpendicularly to the muscularis mucosa. There is a co nstant distance between the crypts and their inner diameter. The normal biopsy might show a little variation or branching in the intercryptal spacing, crypt architecture or occasional branching of the crypts that is considered normal. It is important to study the cellularity in the lamina propria layer surrounding the crypts. It generally consists of cells like eosinophils, plasma cells, lymphocytes and histiocytes. There is presence of normal epithelium and no depletion in the number of goblet cells. The figure 1B shows the biopsy of colon of patient X at the age of 40. The patient X experienced change in bowel habits, abdominal pain and unexplained weight loss. The biopsy showed abnormal growth formations. These conditions satisfied the symptoms of colon cancer in the patient X. When he was screened for the adenomatous polyposis coli 1 gene mutation, he was found to be positive. In his later life, he was left untreated. However, when he reached the age of forty years, he started developing the symptoms of colon cancer as he had a family history of colon cancer showing the genetic predisposing condition of familial adenomatous polyposis. When he was 18 years old, he started developing adenomatous polyps which were benign. Gradually, the pre-cancerous polyps started developing into carcinomas polyps. By the time he attended the age of 40, he developed abnormal outgrowths in the mucosa layer and developed colon cancer. The figure 1B showed tubular adenoma that are small adenomatous polyps on the small stalk that are viewed under the microscope showing disorganized, crowded mucosa of the colon. The goblet cells are less in number and showed hyper chromatic nuclei in the cells lining the polyp glands. This histology shows the benign conditions that are circumscribed, well-differentiated and there is not much invasion of the stalk. The differentiation of the neoplasm is defined by the small adenomatous polyps that are benign in the colon (Jass and Sobin 2012). The staining is done differentially in the epithelial cells present at the top of the adenoma and glandular epithelium that are normal present at the below of the mucosa in the colon. The well differentiated condition showed that the polyps are benign and not yet metastasized (Arqus et al. 2014). Differentiation is one of the variables that act as potential parameter in studying the biologic behaviour in the neoplasm. The figure 2 shows the indirect immunofluorescence and fluorescence microscopy of the stained colon cells of the patient to see the cells for the catenin. The catenin is an important protein associated with the adenomatous polyposis coli 1 gene. The catenin plays an important role in promoting the proliferation of cells and acts to control the activity and expression of the various genes. catenin also helps in the differentiation of the cells. The vital role that catenin plays is that it helps to attach the cells to one another and also in tissue formation. The catenin association with the adenomatous polyposis coli gene gives a signal to the catenin to break down and therefore it is no longer functional (Holland et al. 2013). The adenomatous polyposis coli gene acts as a negative regulator for catenin and also controls its concentration. Cadherin interacts with catenin and is involved in the cell adhesion mechanism. When the expression of catenin is seen in the immune fluo rescence microscopy by the antibody treatment to the precipitated adenomatous polyposis coli gene with the identification and sequencing of the beta-catenin is done (Clevers and Nusse 2012). This figure 2 showed the beta catenin expression and adenomatous polyposis coli is involved in the cell adhesion process. The Wnt signaling is activated during mutation that initiates the colon cancer. The beta catenin concentration in nucleus is a measure to show the stage of the colon cancer. The figure 3 shows the expression of the cyclin D1 levels at the mRNA level. The cyclin D1 levels are an indication of neoplasm in the colon. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction is an accurate tool to measure the levels of cyclin D1 expression at the mRNA level. Cyclin D1 plays an important role in the proliferation and continuity of cell cycle. The high expression of the cyclin D1 levels is an indication of the progression of cancer. It is basically a proto-oncogene and regulates the progression of the cell cycle from G1 to S phase. The cyclin D1 is a prognostic marker and helpful in assessing as it is the cell cycle checkpoints (Colussi et al. 2013). Cyclin D1 is activated when adenomatous polyposis coli gene is mutated and Wnt or beta catenin signaling is activated. This quantitative polymerase chain reaction of the cyclin D1 levels showed that the initiation of the neoplasm in the colon. The comparative study by quantitative polymerase chain reaction of patient X at the ag e of 18 and 40 years showed that the cyclin D1 levels increased at the RNA level at the age of 40 and the cyclin D1 levels decreased at the age of 40 when compared to the levels at 18 years. The table 2 shows the polymerase chain reaction results done to amplify both the copies of the patient X alleles of the adenomatous polyposis gene. The codon at the position 1338 shows a substitution and base pair mutation. It is a nonsense mutation as the allele 1 of the codon 1338 contains a stop codon that is an altered form of the two alleles of the adenomatous polyposis coli gene. The CAG codes for glutamine however, there is loss of function of the allele 2 and allele 1 has gain in function. There is loss of function of the adenomatous polyposis gene as a tumor suppressor and therefore, the mutation results in predisposing condition for progression of colon cancer. A new mutation occurred at the age of 40 in patient X and it is the actual time when he started showing the symptoms for the disease. The underlying molecular and genetic reason for patient X condition is the family history of colon cancers. The genetic predisposing condition familial adenomatous polyposis runs in the family with germ line mutation. The adenomatous polyposis coli 1 gene undergoes nonsense mutations at the codon 280 and 1338. The patient X inherited the defective allele from his mother undergoing a base pair mutation coding for stop codon. The codon 1338 also codes for stop codon from glutamine. The prognosis for patient X is that his family has a history of colon cancers. The patient X has a predisposing genetic condition that is the familial adenomatous polyposis. He inherited the defective allele from his mother and a new mutation at the age of 40 when he actually showed the symptoms for neoplasm colon cancer. The surgery would not be helpful for the patient s the polyps would continue to grow. However, removal of the polyps by colonoscopy would help to stop them from being cancerous. The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory diseases and the combination of celecoxib and cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors would help to reduce the size of the polyps. References: Arqus, O., Chicote, I., Tenbaum, S., Puig, I. and Palmer, H.G., 2014. Quantitative procedure to analyze nuclear -catenin using immunofluorescence tissue staining. Protoc exch. cancer.gov, (2016). Genetics of Colorectal Cancer. [online] National Cancer Institute. Available at: https://www.cancer.gov/types/colorectal/hp/colorectal-genetics-pdq [Accessed 8 Dec. 2016]. cancer.org , (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/documents/document/acspc-042280.pdf [Accessed 8 Dec. 2016]. cancer.org, (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/documents/document/acspc-042280.pdf [Accessed 8 Dec. 2016]. cancer.org, (2016). Colon/Rectum Cancer | American Cancer Society. [online] Cancer.org. Available at: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/colonandrectumcancer/ [Accessed 8 Dec. 2016]. Cerilli, L.A. and Greenson, J.K., 2012. The differential diagnosis of colitis in endoscopic biopsy specimens: a review article. Archives of pathology laboratory medicine, 136(8), pp.854-864. Chromium.lovd.nl. (2016). Search unique variants - Colon cancer gene variant databases - Leiden Open Variation Database. [online] Available at: https://chromium.lovd.nl/LOVD2/colon_cancer/variants.php?select_db=APCaction=search_uniqueorder=Variant/DNA_reported,DESChide_col=show_col=all [Accessed 8 Dec. 2016]. Clevers, H. and Nusse, R., 2012. Wnt/-catenin signaling and disease.Cell,149(6), pp.1192-1205. Colussi, D., Brandi, G., Bazzoli, F. and Ricciardiello, L., 2013. Molecular pathways involved in colorectal cancer: implications for disease behavior and prevention.International journal of molecular sciences,14(8), pp.16365-16385. globocan.iarc.fr, (2016). Fact Sheets by Cancer. [online] Globocan.iarc.fr. Available at: https://globocan.iarc.fr/Pages/fact_sheets_cancer.aspx?cancer=colorectal https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ijc.29210/abstract [Accessed 8 Dec. 2016]. Holland, J.D., Klaus, A., Garratt, A.N. and Birchmeier, W., 2013. Wnt signaling in stem and cancer stem cells.Current opinion in cell biology,25(2), pp.254-264. Jass, J.R. and SOBIN, L., 2012.Histological typing of intestinal tumours. Springer Science Business Media. Siegel, R., Miller, K. and Jemal, A. (2016). Cancer statistics, 2016. wcrf.org, (2016). Colorectal cancer statistics | World Cancer Research Fund International. [online] Wcrf.org. Available at: https://www.wcrf.org/int/cancer-facts-figures/data-specific-cancers/colorectal-cancer-statistics [Accessed 8 Dec. 2016].

Jane Eyre Essays - British Films, English-language Films, Jane Eyre

Jane Eyre Jane Eyre of Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre, develops drastically within the first few chapters of the novel. Her environment was a major influential factor in Jane's development. It would shape the person she is and will be. Jane is a character of strength as a result of her vivid imagination and strong emotions, these made her extremely vulnerable to the environment around her. At the very beginning Jane is very feisty, and almost rebellious towards everyone around her. She seems to be aggravated and irritated by everything around because she is an orphan. With the progression of the novel she transforms by allowing the environment she is in to ?influence? her by opening up to others and slowly terminating that ?rude? little girl which existed at the very beginning. As Jane ?grows? she becomes the influence of her environment. Her ?boldness,? intelligence, kindness, as well as vulnerability transform her role in the novel. Jane has become the ?authority? figure, a woman taking a strand without allowing others to stomp all over her. Jane's role has reversed. Jane isn't only the main character of Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre she is also a revolutionary character. She is a representation of strength, symbolizing the ?new? woman of literature. She was and has influenced her environment by being a blunt and outspoken person.